Scientists Crack the Gingivitis Genetic Code for First Time

Study Shows Nearly One-Third of Human Genome is Involved in Gingivitis

LONDON, December 9 - For the first time, US scientists have successfully identified
gene expression and biological pathways involved in the onset and healing
process of gingivitis, a condition affecting more than 50% of the UK adult
population, and which if left untreated, can potentially lead to heart
disease, diabetes and pre-term birth. This new research, which shows that
development and reversal of gingivitis at the molecular level is much more
complicated than its causes might indicate, is published in the Journal of
Peridontology this week.

Dr Nigel Carter chief executive for the British Dental Health Foundation
commenting on these findings said: "Research has linked gum disease to a
potential risk of heart disease, diabetes, strokes, premature births and low
birth-weight babies, as well as tooth loss. Understanding how gingivitis (gum
inflammation) develops and resolves on a molecular level, may provide
critical insights into the prevention and treatment of gum disease. Gum
disease affects most people at some point in their lives, so there is no
excuse for ignoring good dental hygiene. People can help prevent gum disease
developing by taking care of their teeth and gums by brushing twice a day
with fluoride toothpaste, and cleaning between teeth with floss or
interdental brushes. Using a power brush with a rotating oscillating head can
help remove up to twice as much plaque. Always look for a brush recommended
by the Foundation."

The research, 'Gingival Transcriptome Patterns during
Induction and Resolution of Experimental Gingivitis in Humans', conducted by
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has found that more than
9,000 genes - approximately 30% of the genes found in the human body - are
involved at the onset of gingivitis and the healing process. Gingivitis is
characterized by gums that are red, swollen and tender and that bleed easily
during brushing and flossing.

"The study's findings demonstrate that clinical symptoms of gingivitis
reflect complicated changes in cellular and molecular processes within the
body," said Steven Offenbacher, D.D.S., Ph.D., the study's lead author and
director of the UNC School of Dentistry-based Center for Oral and Systemic
Diseases.

"Understanding the thousands of individual genes and multiple systems
involved in gingivitis will help explain exactly what is occurring in a
person's body at the onset of the disease and how it relates to their overall
health."

The build-up of plaque formed during the onset of gingivitis represents
the overgrowth of bacteria as a biofilm on the teeth above and below the gum
line. Biofilms can form in other parts of the body and are known to be
involved with health conditions, such as urinary tract infections, ear
infections and chronic sinusitis. Researchers believe learning about how the
body interacts with bacteria overgrowth during gingivitis could provide
insight into a variety of bio-film-associated diseases.

"Data generated by the study will be crucial in developing new approaches
to treating gingivitis," said Leslie Winston, D.D.S., Ph.D., co-author of the
study and Director of Professional and Scientific Relations at P&G Oral Care.
"We plan to conduct additional research to identify biomarkers of gum disease
in at risk individuals and hope that this will lead to new and more advanced
treatment options and preventative measures."

The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health in the USA
and Procter & Gamble.

Notes to editors:

About the Study

The objective of this study was to understand gingivitis on a molecular
level by identifying changes in gene expression taking place in the mouth
during gingivitis onset and the healing process. Fourteen healthy individuals
with mild gingivitis participated in the study. After baseline tooth
cleanings, gingivitis was induced in each study participant, followed by the
participants adhering to an oral hygiene regimen of twice-daily brushing and
regular flossing. Gum tissue was collected at baseline, four weeks after the
induction of gingivitis and one week after resuming the oral hygiene regimen
of brushing and flossing.

Gene expression data was analyzed using gene chip technology that enabled
the investigators to detect changes in the expression of more than 30,000
genes. By applying advanced genomics bioinformatics tools, the investigators
were able to identify the biological pathways and gene expression patterns
associated with gingivitis.

As part of the study findings, researchers identified several biological
pathways triggered by the onset and healing of gingivitis, including those
associated with immune response, energy metabolism, neural processes,
vasculature, chemotaxis, wound healing and steroid metabolism.

The study is published in the December 2009 edition (issued on 7th
December) in the Journal of Periodontology, which is published by the
American Academy of Periodontology (APP) and available at
www.joponline.org/.

About the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry,
which opened its doors to students in 1950, is among the leading public
dental schools in the nation. The mission of the School of Dentistry is to
promote the health of the people of North Carolina, the nation and the world
through excellence in teaching, patient care, research and service.

About P&G

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the world. With more than 40 brands available in more than 80 countries, P&G
has one of the strongest portfolios of quality, leadership brands in health
and well-being, including Always(R), Oral-B(R), Pepto-Bismol(R), Tampax(R),
and Vicks(R). The P&G community consists of more than 138,000 employees
working in more than 80 countries worldwide. Please visit www.pg.com
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