Double-Digit Falls in Ferrochrome and Chromite Demand in 2009

LONDON - Roskill Information Services

- The Economics of Chromium (11th Edition)

- www.roskill.com/reports/chromium

Demand for chromite increased by an annual average rate of 4% for the period 2000 to 2008, with ferrochrome consumption increasing by the same amount. However, the onset of the economic downturn from mid 2008 has seen demand for chromium plummet, with prices following a similar path.

Ferrochrome consumption fell by 3.5% in 2008, in year-on-year terms, as major Asian and European consumers reduced orders to a minimum in an attempt to run down inventories, as demand from end-users declined sharply.

Export prices for ferrochrome have fallen by 68% for the ten months to May 2009, as demand from stainless steel, the main end-use for ferrochrome has collapsed. In response to weakening demand and falling prices producers have cut production, in some cases ceasing operations all together. Around 70% of world ferrochrome production capacity was suspended in the first quarter of 2009, with the Xstrata-Merafe joint venture operating at 20% of capacity since December 2008, while Samancor Chrome suspended all production in the first quarter of 2009.

With the sudden disintegration of end-user demand, the forecast is for demand for both ferrochrome and chromite to fall in 2009. Demand for ferrochrome will fall by around 24% in 2009, year-on-year, on the back of the 3.55% fall in consumption in 2008. However, a recovery could begin to materialise from the fourth quarter this year, as the global economic situation begins to ease.

Stainless steel production to recover in 2010

Stainless steel producers are the largest consumers of chromtie, in the form of ferrochrome. The huge increases in stainless steel production in recent years has seen demand for both ferrochrome and chromite reach record highs.

Global stainless steel production has been driven in recent years by emerging markets, with China leading the way. Double-digit GDP growth of recent years has helped fuel China’s growing demand for all commodities, with Chinese producers contributing some 80% of the increase in global stainless steel output since 2000.

However, stainless steel production fell in 2008 by around 7%, as producers attempted to respond quickly to weakening demand as a consequence of the global downturn. Production in 2009 will again fall, as producers cut output, with some operating at well below 50% capacity. On the back of these stringent production cuts, world stainless steel output is forecast to fall by 13% in 2009. However, the market could start to recover as early as the fourth quarter of this year, as a degree of restocking takes place in anticipation of a limited recovery in 2010.

Modest growth for chromium chemicals and metal

Demand for chromium chemicals has declined in recent years, as environmental concerns have seen tightening legislation limits its use in the two main end-uses, leather tanning and metal finishing. Global demand peaked at around 1Mt (sodium dichromate equivalent) in 2001, falling by 32% to 680,000t in 2008.

Going forward, demand for chromium chemicals is going to be modest at best, growing at an annual average rate of 2.5-3% over the next five years.

Strong growth in the aerospace industry in recent years has seen demand for chromium metal increase sharply. World consumption of chromium metal increased by around 13% in 2008 to 40,000t, with demand for superalloys, the primary end-use market for chromium metal, driving the market. Over the next few years, the global downturn will have a negative impact on this market, as the aerospace industry in the USA and Europe declines. The market for chromium metal will decline in 2010, with growth returning in 2011.

Ferrochrome prices to fall by 60% in 2009

Ferrochrome prices were negotiated at USCent69/lb in the second quarter of this year, almost 70% lower than the USCent213/lb peak set in July 2008. Prices for chromite have fallen by 73% to US$140/t from its US$520/t peak in July 2008, while prices for chromium chemicals and chromium metal have both fallen by almost 45%.

Given the weak outlook chromite and ferrochrome demand, prices are forecast to be much lower than those set in 2008. Ferrochrome prices are forecast to average USCent77-80/lb this year, as end-use demand remains depressed. However, prices in the fourth quarter of 2009 could increase on the back some restocking. Chromite prices are likely to follow a similar pattern, with average prices for 2009 at US$135/t, with a potential 20-30% increase for 2010 as demand returns.

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Table of Contents Page 1 Summary 1 2 Introduction, occurrence and reserves of chromite 8 2.1 Occurrence and composition of chromite 9 2.2 Reserves of chrome ore 12 3 Mining and processing of chromium 15 3.1 Mining and processing of chromite 15 3.1.1 Grades of chromite 16 3.2 Processing of ferro-chrome 18 3.2.1 Processing of high-carbon ferro-chrome and charge chrome 18 3.2.1.1 Energy efficiency 19 3.2.1.2 Pelletising, sintering and charge pre-heating technology 20 3.2.1.3 Metal-from-slag recovery 23 3.2.2 Processing of low-carbon ferro-chrome 24 3.2.3 Grades of ferro-chrome 24 3.2.4 Production costs for ferro-chrome 26 3.3 Processing of chromium metal 28 3.4 Processing of chromium chemicals 30 3.4.1 Environmental concerns over chromium compounds 36 4 Overveiw of world production of chromium 39 4.1 World production of chromite 39 4.1.1 Structure of the chromite industry 43 4.1.2 Chromite production by company 45 4.1.3 Future trends in chromite production 48 4.2 World production of ferro-chrome 48 4.2.1 Production of ferro-silico-chrome 54 4.2.2 Structure of the ferro-chrome industry 54 4.2.3 Ferro-chrome production by grade 58 4.2.4 Ferro-chrome production by company 60 4.2.5 Future trends in ferro-chrome production 63 4.3 World production of chromium metal 68 4.4 World production of chromium chemicals 71 5 Review of chromium producing and processing countries 79 5.1 Afghanistan 79 5.2 Albania 79 5.2.1 Producers of chromite in Albania 80 5.2.1.1 Albanian Chrome (ACR) 80 5.2.2 Potential producers of chromite in Albania 81 5.2.2.1 Empire Mining 81 5.3 Argentina 82 5.3.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in Argentina 82 5.3.1.1 Bayer Argentina 82 5.4 Australia 82 5.4.1 Production of chromite in Australia 82 5.4.2 Producers of chromite in Australia 83 5.4.2.1 Palmary Enterprises 83 5.4.3 Potential producers of chromite in Australia 83 5.4.3.1 Warwick Resources 83 5.5 Belgium 84 5.6 Brazil 84 5.6.1 Production of chromite in Brazil 84 5.6.2 Producers of chromite in Brazil 87 5.6.2.1 Cia de Ferro Ligas da Bahia (Ferbasa) 88 5.6.2.2 Magnesita 88 5.6.2.3 Mineracao Vila Nova 89 5.6.3 Production of chromium ferroalloys in Brazil 89 5.6.4 Producers of chromium ferroalloys in Brazil 90 5.6.4.1 ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil 91 5.6.4.2 Cia de Ferro Ligas da Bahia (Ferbasa) 91 5.6.5 Producers of chromium metal in Brazil 92 5.6.5.1 Lupatech 92 5.7 Canada 92 5.7.1 Potential producers of chromite in Canada 92 5.7.1.1 Freewest Resources Canada 92 5.7.1.2 Noront Resources 93 5.7.1.3 Resources Minieres Pro-Or 93 5.8 China 93 5.8.1 Supply of chromite in China 94 5.8.2 Producers of chromite in China 98 5.8.3 Supply of ferro-chrome in China 98 5.8.4 Production of ferro-chrome in China 99 5.8.5 Trade of ferro-chrome in China 100 5.8.6 Producers of ferro-chrome in China 101 5.8.6.1 China Minmetals Corporation 103 5.8.6.2 Dongfeng Ferroalloy Group 103 5.8.6.3 Dragon Northwest Ferroalloy 103 5.8.6.4 Fushun ferroalloy 104 5.8.6.5 Jiannanchun Foreign Economic and Trade 104 5.8.6.6 Jilin Ferroalloy 104 5.8.6.7 Jinxiang Metallurgical 105 5.8.6.8 Minmetal Hunan Ferroalloy 105 5.8.6.9 Mintal Group 105 5.8.6.10 Qinghai Yihui Metallurgical Group 106 5.8.6.11 Ruifeng Ferroalloy 106 5.8.6.12 Shanghai Shenjia Ferroalloy 106 5.8.6.13 Shanxi Jinzhong Wanbang Industry Trade 107 5.8.6.14 Sichuan Jinguang Group 107 5.8.6.15 Sichuan Mingda Ferroalloy 108 5.8.6.16 Sichuan Tianyi Metallurgy Group 108 5.8.6.17 Sichuan Yihui (EHUI) Metallurgy 108 5.8.6.18 Sinosteel 108 5.8.6.19 Tibet Mineral Development 109 5.8.6.20 Wuhai Sanmei International 109 5.8.6.21 Xinjiang Tuoli Taihang Ferroalloys 109 5.8.6.22 Zhejiang Hengjian Ferroalloy 110 5.8.7 Potential producers of ferro-chrome in China 110 5.8.7.1 Eti Krom 110 5.8.7.2 Fuqing City Longfu Group 110 5.8.7.3 Guangxi Qinzhou Guixin Metallurgy 110 5.8.7.4 Jiuquan Steel Group 111 5.8.7.5 Lakshmi Metallurgy 111 5.8.7.6 Tsingshan Group 111 5.8.8 Production of chromium metal in China 111 5.8.9 Producers of chromium metal in China 112 5.8.10 Production of chromium chemicals in China 112 5.8.11 Producers of chromium chemicals in China 113 5.8.11.1 China National BlueStar Group 114 5.8.11.2 Chongqing Minfeng Chemical 114 5.8.11.3 Hebei Chromate Chemical 115 5.9 Croatia 115 5.1 Cuba 116 5.10.1 Producers of chromite in Cuba 116 5.10.1.1 Grupo Empresarial Cubaniquel 116 5.11 Finland 116 5.11.1 Integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Finland 117 5.11.1.1 Outokumpu Group 117 5.12 France 120 5.12.1 Producers of chromium metal in France 120 5.12.1.1 Delachaux Metaux 120 5.13 Germany 121 5.13.1 Producers of low-carbon ferro-chrome in Germany 121 5.13.1.1 Elektrowerk Weisweiler 121 5.13.2 Producers of chromium metal in Germany 122 5.13.2.1 GfE 122 5.13.3 Production of chromium chemicals in Germany 123 5.14 Greece 123 5.15 India 123 5.15.1 Production of chromite in India 124 5.15.2 Producers of chromite in India 128 5.15.3 Exports of chromite from India 129 5.15.4 Production of ferro-chrome in India 132 5.15.5 Producers of ferro-chrome in India 134 5.15.6 Exports of ferro-chrome from India 136 5.15.7 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in India 137 5.15.7.1 Andhra Ferro Alloys 137 5.15.7.2 Balasore Alloys 137 5.15.7.3 Baroda Ferro Alloys 138 5.15.7.4 B.C. Mohanty and Sons 138 5.15.7.5 Corporate Ispat Alloys 138 5.15.7.6 Cronimet Ferro Alloys (India) 139 5.15.7.7 Deedpack Ferro Alloys 139 5.15.7.8 DRK Metallurgical 139 5.15.7.9 FACOR Group 139 5.15.7.10 GSN Ferro Alloys 142 5.15.7.11 IDCOL Ferro Chrome and Alloys Limited (IFCAL) 142 5.15.7.12 India Thermit 143 5.15.7.13 Indian Metals and Ferro Alloys (IMFA) 143 5.15.7.14 Jayesh Group 146 5.15.7.15 Jindal Group 146 5.15.7.16 Karthik Alloys 148 5.15.7.17 Latasha Exports 148 5.15.7.18 Maithan Alloys 148 5.15.7.19 Misrilall Mines 148 5.15.7.20 Mysore Minerals (MML) 149 5.15.7.21 Nav Chrome 149 5.15.7.22 Nava Bharat Ventures 149 5.15.7.23 Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC) 150 5.15.7.24 Rohit Ferro Tech (RFTL) 152 5.15.7.25 Shah Alloys 152 5.15.7.26 Sree Sarda Alloys 153 5.15.7.27 Shyam Ferro Alloys 153 5.15.7.28 Sri Vasavi Industries (SVIL) 153 5.15.7.29 Srinivasa Ferro Alloys 154 5.15.7.30 Tata Iron and Steel (TISCO) 154 5.15.7.31 VBC Ferro Alloys (VBCVAL) 156 5.15.7.32 Visa Steel 156 5.15.8 Potential producers of ferro-chrome in India 157 5.15.8.1 Haritha Ferro Alloys 157 5.15.8.2 Viraj Profiles 158 5.15.9 Production of chromium metal in India 158 5.15.10 Production of chromium chemicals in India 158 5.15.11 Producers of chromium chemicals in India 159 5.15.11.1 Hema Chemical Industries 159 5.15.11.2 Krebs and Cei (India) Chemical Works Division 159 5.15.11.3 Lords Chemicals 159 5.15.11.4 Tamil Nadu Chromates and Chemicals (TCC) 159 5.15.11.5 Vishnu Chemicals 159 5.16 Indonesia 160 5.17 Iran 160 5.17.1 Producers of chromite in Iran 161 5.17.1.1 Faryab Mining 161 5.17.1.2 Others 161 5.17.2 Potential producers of chromite in Iran 161 5.17.2.1 Rohit Ferro-Tech 161 5.17.3 Producers of ferro-chrome in Iran 161 5.18 Italy 162 5.18.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in Italy 162 5.18.1.1 Stoppani Group 162 5.19 Japan 163 5.19.1 Supply of chromite and ferro-chrome in Japan 163 5.19.2 Producers of ferro-chrome in Japan 164 5.19.2.1 JFE Material 165 5.19.2.2 Nippon Denko 165 5.19.3 Production of chromium metal in Japan 166 5.19.4 Producers of chromium metal in Japan 166 5.19.4.1 Nippon Denko 166 5.19.5 Production of chromium chemicals in Japan 167 5.19.6 Producers of chromium chemicals in Japan 167 5.19.6.1 Nippon Chemical Industrial 167 5.2 Kazakhstan 168 5.20.1 Production of chromite in Kazakhstan 169 5.20.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Kazakhstan 170 5.20.3 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Kazakhstan 171 5.20.3.1 Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC) 171 5.20.3.2 Mechel 177 5.20.4 Exports of ferro-chrome from Kazakhstan 178 5.20.5 Producers of chromium metal in Kazakhstan 180 5.20.5.1 Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation (ENRC) 180 5.20.6 Producers of chromium chemicals in Kazakhstan 180 5.20.6.1 JSC Aktyubinsk Chromium Chemicals Plant (ACCP) 180 5.21 Madagascar 183 5.21.1 Producers of chromite in Madagascar 183 5.21.1.1 Kraomita Malagasy (KRAOMA) 183 5.22 Mexico 184 5.22.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in Mexico 184 5.22.1.1 Quimica Central de Mexico 184 5.23 Myanmar 185 5.24 Nigeria 185 5.24.1 Potential producers of chromite in Nigeria 185 5.24.1.1 Co-op Investors and Contractors (CICL) 185 5.25 Norway 186 5.26 Oman 186 5.26.1 Producers of chromite in Oman 187 5.26.1.1 Oman Chromite 187 5.26.1.2 Gulf Mining and Materials (GMM) 188 5.26.1.3 Hatton FZE 188 5.27 Pakistan 188 5.27.1 Producers of chromite in Pakistan 189 5.27.1.1 Pakistan Chrome Mines 189 5.27.1.2 MAM Enterprises 189 5.28 Philippines 189 5.28.1 Production of chromite in the Philippines 189 5.28.2 Producers of chromite in the Philippines 190 5.28.2.1 Benguet 191 5.28.2.2 CRAU Mineral Resources 191 5.28.2.3 Heritage Resources and Mining (HRMC) 192 5.28.2.4 Krominco 192 5.28.3 Potential producers of chromite in the Philippines 193 5.28.3.1 Midwest Group 193 5.28.3.2 Rusina Mining 193 5.28.3.3 Shougang Group 193 5.29 Poland 194 5.29.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in Poland 194 5.29.1.1 Alwernia 194 5.3 Romania 195 5.30.1 Producers of chromium chemicals in Romania 195 5.30.1.1 SC Bicapa 195 5.31 Russia 196 5.31.1 Supply of chromite in Russia 196 5.31.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Russia 198 5.31.3 Exports of ferro-chrome from Russia 199 5.31.4 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Russia 200 5.31.4.1 Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Combine (ChEMK) 200 5.31.4.2 Serov (Serovsky) Ferroalloys Plant (SZF) 203 5.31.4.3 Klyuchevsky Ferroalloys Plant 205 5.31.4.4 Tikhvin Smelting Plant 206 5.31.5 Potential producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Russia 207 5.31.5.1 Karelia Development 207 5.31.6 Production of chromium metal in Russia 208 5.31.7 Producers of chromium metal in Russia 208 5.31.7.1 Klyuchevsky Ferroalloys Plant 209 5.31.7.2 Novotroitsk plant of chromium compounds 209 5.31.7.3 Polema 210 5.31.7.4 Tulachermet 210 5.31.8 Production of chromium chemicals in Russia 211 5.31.9 Producers of chromium chemicals in Russia 211 5.31.9.1 Russian Chrome (Russky Khrom) 1915 211 5.32 Slovakia 212 5.32.1 Producers of ferro-chrome in Slovakia 213 5.32.1.1 OZF 213 5.33 Slovenia 213 5.34 South Africa 214 5.34.1 Mining of chromite in South Africa 216 5.34.2 Production of chromite in South Africa 217 5.34.3 Summary of chromite producers in South Africa 219 5.34.4 Processing of ferro-chrome in South Africa 220 5.34.5 Production of ferro-chrome in South Africa 222 5.34.6 Summary of ferro-chrome producers in South Africa 225 5.34.7 Producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in South Africa 227 5.34.7.1 Assore 227 5.34.7.2 Aquarius Platinum 228 5.34.7.3 ASA Metals 229 5.34.7.4 Assmang 230 5.34.7.5 Batlhako Mining 233 5.34.7.6 Chromex Mining 234 5.34.7.7 Hernic Ferrochrome 236 5.34.7.8 International Ferro Metals (IFM) 238 5.34.7.9 Lanxess 243 5.34.7.10 Mogale Alloys 243 5.34.7.11 National Manganese Mines 244 5.34.7.12 Nkomati 244 5.34.7.13 Samancor Chrome 245 5.34.7.14 Tata Steel KZN 251 5.34.7.15 Xstrata-Merafe Chrome Venture 252 5.34.8 Potential producers of chromite in South Africa 262 5.34.8.1 China Minmetals 262 5.34.8.2 Cronimet Chrome South Africa (CCSA) 262 5.34.8.3 DCM Chrome 263 5.34.8.4 Maude Mining/Benhaus Mining 263 5.34.8.5 Rohit Ferro Tech 263 5.34.8.6 Vizirama 263 5.34.9 Production of chromium chemicals in South Africa 264 5.34.9.1 Lanxess 264 5.35 Spain 264 5.36 Sudan 265 5.36.1 Producers of chromite in Sudan 265 5.36.1.1 Ingessana Hills Mines 265 5.37 Sweden 266 5.37.1 Producers of ferro-chrome in Sweden 266 5.37.1.1 Vargon Alloys 266 5.38 Togo 268 5.38.1 Potential producers of chromite in Togo 268 5.38.1.1 Lithic Metals and Energy 268 5.39 Turkey 269 5.39.1 Production of chromite in Turkey 269 5.39.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Turkey 270 5.39.3 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Turkey 271 5.39.3.1 Bilfer Madencilik ve Turizm 271 5.39.3.2 Dedeman Madencilik Sanayi ve Ticaret 272 5.39.3.3 Eti Elektrometalurji 274 5.39.3.4 Eti Krom 275 5.39.3.5 Turk Maadin Sirketi (TMS) 277 5.39.3.6 Pema Madencilik Enerji Kimya Sanavi (Pema Mining Energy Chemical Industry) 278 5.39.4 Potential producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Turkey 278 5.39.4.1 Çevikler Mermer San. Ve Tic. 278 5.39.4.2 Zirve Krom Madencilik 279 5.39.5 Producers of chromium chemicals in Turkey 279 5.39.5.1 Kromsan 279 5.4 UAE 279 5.41 UK 280 5.41.1 Production of chromium metal in the UK 280 5.41.2 Producers of chromium metal in the UK 281 5.41.2.1 London & Scandinavian Metallurgical (LSM) 281 5.41.3 Producers of chromium chemicals in the UK 282 5.41.3.1 Elementis Chromium 282 5.42 USA 284 5.42.1 Supply of chromite in the USA 285 5.42.2 Potential producers of chromite in the USA 286 5.42.2.1 Oregon Resources (ORC) 286 5.42.3 Supply of ferro-chrome in the USA 287 5.42.4 Supply of chromium metal in the USA 288 5.42.5 Producers of chromium metal in the USA 289 5.42.5.1 Eramet Marietta 289 5.42.6 Supply of chromium from government stockpiles 290 5.42.6.1 Ferro-chrome sales 292 5.42.6.2 Chromium metal sales 293 5.42.7 Producers of chromium chemicals in the USA 294 5.42.7.1 Elementis Chromium 294 5.43 Vietnam 295 5.43.1 Producers of chromite in Vietnam 296 5.43.1.1 Thai Nguyen Nonferrous Metal 296 5.43.2 Potential producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Vietnam 296 5.43.2.1 Archipelago Metals 296 5.43.2.2 Nam Viet Group (Navico) 296 5.43.2.3 Jindal Stainless (JSL) 296 5.44 Zimbabwe 297 5.44.1 Production of chromite in Zimbabwe 298 5.44.2 Production of ferro-chrome in Zimbabwe 299 5.44.3 Integrated and non-integrated producers of chromite and ferro-chrome in Zimbabwe 300 5.44.3.1 Maranatha Ferro-chrome 301 5.44.3.2 Zimbabwe Alloys 301 5.44.3.3 Zimbabwe Mining and Smelting (Zimasco) 303 5.44.4 Potential producers of chromite in Zimbabwe 306 5.44.4.1 Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation (ZMDC) 306 6 Overview of world consumption of chromium 307 6.1 World consumption of chromite 307 6.1.1 Outlook for chromite consumption 309 6.2 World consumption of ferro-chrome 310 6.2.1 Outlook for ferro-chrome consumption 312 6.3 World consumption of chromium metal 314 6.3.1 Outlook for chromium metal consumption 315 6.4 World consumption of chromium chemicals 316 6.4.1 Outlook for chromium chemical consumption 317 7 Metallurgical applications for chromium 318 7.1 Use of chromium in stainless steel 318 7.1.1 Grades of stainless steel 318 7.1.2 Production of stainless steel 322 7.1.2.1 Stainless steel production capacity 326 7.1.3 Consumption of stainless steel 330 7.1.4 End-uses for stainless steel 336 7.1.5 Demand for chromium in stainless steel 339 7.1.6 Trends in demand for ferro-chrome in stainless steel 340 7.1.6.1 Stainless steel market outlook 340 7.1.6.2 Chromium demand outlook in stainless steel 346 7.2 Use of chromium in full alloy steels 347 7.2.1 Types of full alloy steels 348 7.2.2 Production of full alloy steels 349 7.2.3 Trends in demand for chromium in full alloy steels 350 7.3 Use of chromium in high-strength steels 350 7.3.1 Types of high-strength steels 351 7.3.2 Production of high strength steels 351 7.3.3 Trends in demand for chromium in high-strength steels 352 7.4 Use of chromium in tool steels 352 7.4.1 Types of tool steels 353 7.4.2 Production of tool steels 354 7.4.3 Trends in demand for chromium in tool steels 355 7.5 Use of chromium in carbon steels 356 7.5.1 Types of carbon steel 356 7.5.2 Production of carbon steels 356 7.5.3 Trends in demand for chromium in carbon steel 358 7.6 Use of chromium in superalloys 358 7.6.1 Types of superalloys 358 7.6.2 Markets for superalloys 359 7.6.2.1 Aerospace applications for superalloys 361 7.6.2.2 Non-aerospace applications for superalloys 363 7.6.3 Trends in demand for chromium in superalloys 365 7.7 Use of chromium in thin film coatings 366 7.8 Use of chromium in non-ferrous and other alloys 366 7.8.1 Types of non-ferrous alloys containing chromium 366 7.8.2 Welding and hard-facing alloys 368 7.9 Use of chromium in cast iron 369 8 Chemical applications for chromium 372 8.1 Use of chromium chemicals in leather tanning 373 8.1.1 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in leather tanning 374 8.2 Use of chromium chemicals in metal finishing 376 8.2.1 Chromium metal finishing processes 376 8.2.2 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in metal finishing 377 8.3 Use of chromium chemicals in wood preservatives 377 8.3.1 CCA wood preservatives 377 8.3.2 Environmental issues associated with CCA 379 8.3.3 Alternatives to CCA wood preservatives 379 8.3.4 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in wood preservatives 380 8.4 Use of chromium chemicals in pigments 382 8.4.1 Types of pigments containing chromium chemicals 382 8.4.2 Trends in demand for chromium chemicals in pigments 384 8.5 Minor applications for chromium chemicals 384 8.5.1 Abrasives 384 8.5.2 Agriculture 384 8.5.3 Batteries 385 8.5.4 Catalysts 385 8.5.5 Chemical processes 386 8.5.6 Corrosion inhibitors 386 8.5.7 Drilling muds 386 8.5.8 Fireworks and explosives 387 8.5.9 Flame retardants 387 8.5.10 Glass and ceramics 387 8.5.11 Lithography 388 8.5.12 Magnetic storage materials 388 8.5.13 Nuclear fuel additives 389 8.5.14 Oils, fats and waxes 389 8.5.15 Photographic chemicals 389 8.5.16 Textile mordants 389 8.5.17 Waterproof materials 389 9 Refractory applications for chromium 390 9.1 Use of chromite in refractories 390 9.1.1 Refractory-grade chromite and chromic oxide 392 9.1.2 Markets for chromite-containing refractories 393 9.1.3 Trends in consumption of chromite in refractories 396 9.2 Use of chromite in foundry sands 396 9.2.1 Specifications for foundry-grade chromite 398 9.2.2 Trends in demand for chromite in foundry sands 398 10 International trade in chromium 400 10.1 Trade in chromite 400 10.2 Trade in ferro-chrome 402 10.3 Trade in chromium metal 405 10.4 Trade in chromium chemicals 407 11 Chromite and ferro-chrome supply/demand balance 409 11.1 Chromite demand 409 11.1.1 Outlook for chromite demand 409 11.1.2 Chromite supply 410 11.1.3 Outlook for chromite supply 410 11.1.4 Forecast chromite supply/demand balance 411 11.2 Ferro-chrome demand 412 11.2.1 Outlook for ferro-chrome demand 413 11.2.2 Ferro-chrome supply 414 11.2.3 Outlook for ferro-chrome supply 415 11.2.4 Forecast ferro-chrome supply/demand balance 416 12 Prices of chromium 418 12.1 Metallurgical chromite prices 418 12.1.1 Historical metallurgical chromite price 419 12.1.2 Forecast metallurgical chromite price 422 12.2 Prices of ferro-chrome 423 12.2.1 Historical prices of ferro-chrome 424 12.2.2 Recent price trends for ferro-chrome 426 12.2.3 Forecast ferro-chrome prices 430 12.3 Prices of non-metallurgical chromite 431 12.4 Prices of chromium chemicals 434 12.5 Prices of chromium metal 435

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